FACTS OF THE CASE OR CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE CASE
The Canadian consolidated mining and smelting company limited operated a zinc and lead smelter in Trail, British Columbia, Canada, near the US-Canada border. The smelter’s sulphur dioxide emissions caused significant environmental damage to the Columbia River valley in Washington state, USA, affecting agriculture, forestry, and cattle grazing. The US Government received complaints from farmers, ranchers, and other affected parties, leading to formal diplomatic protests to Canada. The US and Canada engaged in negotiations to resolve the issue, but they were unsuccessful. They then agreed to establish the International Joint Commission (IJC) to investigate the matter and make recommendations..